Cellular Response to Stress and Injury
Explore cellular responses to stress and injury: adaptation mechanisms like hypertrophy and atrophy, reversible injury, and irreversible…
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Explore the pathology and physiology of inflammation: a complex immune response triggered by infection, injury, or irritants. Learn how acute…
Pathology of Wound Healing
Explore the stages of wound healing: from clot formation and immune response to tissue regeneration and scar remodeling. Understanding…
Disturbances in the Fluid and Electrolyte Balances
Explore fluid and electrolyte disturbances: from dehydration and edema to sodium, potassium, and acid-base imbalances. These conditions impact…
Pathology of Neoplasia
Neoplasia is a central topic in modern healthcare, with profound implications for patient outcomes and nursing care. As the burden of cancer…
Pathology of Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases present unique challenges in healthcare, demanding a comprehensive understanding of both pathology and genetics. For…
Pathology of Nutritional Disorders
Introduction Nutritional disorders remain a significant global health issue, affecting individuals across all age groups and socioeconomic…
Pathology of Hemodynamic Disorders
Explore the pathology of hemodynamic disorders: fluid imbalance, endothelial injury, and circulatory failure lead to edema, hemorrhage,…