Enteroscopy: A Comprehensive Overview
Enteroscopy is a specialized endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the small intestine to diagnose and treat bleeding,…
G6PD Test: Comprehensive Review
A G6PD test evaluates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme levels in red blood cells. Deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia triggered by…
Apolipoprotein Blood Test: A Comprehensive Overview
The apolipoprotein blood test measures ApoA1 and ApoB proteins that transport cholesterol and triglycerides. It helps evaluate cardiovascular…
Colonoscopy Procedure: A Comprehensive Guide
A colonoscopy Procedure is a diagnostic and screening procedure that uses a flexible scope to examine the colon for polyps, bleeding,…
Chorionic Villus Sampling for Prenatal Diagnosis:An In-depth Overview
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is an early prenatal diagnostic procedure that analyzes placental tissue to identify genetic and chromosomal…
Retinoscopy Procedure
Retinoscopy is an essential objective method for assessing refractive errors by observing the reflex of light from the retina. It helps…
Renal Scan (Kidney Scan): A Comprehensive In-Depth Guide
A renal scan, or kidney scan, is a nuclear medicine test that evaluates kidney function, blood flow, and urinary drainage. It helps diagnose…
Rinne Test: A Comprehensive Guide
The Rinne test is a simple bedside hearing assessment that compares air and bone conduction using a tuning fork. It helps distinguish…
Romberg Test: A Comprehensive Overview
The Romberg test is a simple neurological assessment used to evaluate balance, proprioception, and sensory ataxia. By observing postural…
Skin Biopsy: A Comprehensive Guide
A skin biopsy is a minor procedure that removes a small sample of skin for microscopic examination. It helps diagnose rashes, infections,…
Spurling Test: An In-Depth Exploration
The Spurling test is a cervical spine assessment used to detect nerve root compression or cervical radiculopathy. By applying controlled neck…
Prenatal Genetic Testing
Prenatal genetic testing evaluates fetal DNA to detect chromosomal abnormalities and inherited conditions early in pregnancy. It supports…
Increased Intracranial Pressure ICP: Comprehensive Guide
Introduction Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical and potentially life-threatening condition encountered in various clinical…
Salivary Gland Scan: A Comprehensive Guide
A salivary gland scan is a nuclear medicine test that evaluates the function and drainage of the salivary glands. It helps detect obstruction,…
Stereotactic Breast Biopsy: A Comprehensive Overview
A stereotactic breast biopsy is a minimally invasive, mammography‑guided procedure used to sample suspicious breast tissue—such as…
PCR Test: Principles, Applications, and Impact
A PCR test is a molecular diagnostic method that identifies viral or bacterial genetic material with high sensitivity and specificity. It is…
Single or Double Ballon Enteroscopy: A Comprehensive Review
Single and double balloon enteroscopy are advanced endoscopic techniques that use balloon‑assisted technology to examine the small intestine.…
Semen Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide
A semen analysis is a laboratory test that measures sperm count, motility, morphology, and semen quality. It helps assess male fertility,…
SEEG (Stereo Electroencephalography: A Comprehensive Diagnostic Procedure
Stereo electroencephalography (SEEG) is a minimally invasive technique that uses implanted depth electrodes to record electrical activity from…
HDL versus LDL Cholesterol: Understanding the Lipid Profile
Cholesterol—often misunderstood, sometimes maligned, yet always vital—sits at the heart of many conversations about health and longevity.…
HRCT (High-Resolution Computed Tomography)
High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) is an advanced imaging technique primarily used to obtain detailed images of the lungs. It…
Interpreting Liver Function Tests and Liver Enzymes: A comprehensive Overview
A Liver Function Test (LFT) is a blood test used to evaluate the health of the liver by measuring various enzymes, proteins, and substances…
How to Calculate the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Glomerular filtration is the first step in the process of urine formation in the kidneys. It occurs in the glomerulus, a network of…
What GFR Reveals About Renal Function and Wellbeing
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is the most reliable indicator of kidney function, measuring how effectively the kidneys filter waste and…
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Test
The Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Test is a specialized computed tomography (CT) scan used to detect calcified plaque in the coronary…
Kidney Biopsy: An In-Depth Exploration
Introduction to Kidney Biopsy A kidney biopsy is a vital medical procedure used in the diagnosis and management of various renal diseases. By…
HbA1C and Its Important
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures the average blood sugar (glucose) levels over the past two to three months. It provides a…
How to Calculate the Absolute Neutrophil Count
How to Calculate the Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is a simple but essential process that helps determine a patient’s risk for infection,…
Understanding the Thyroid Negative Feedback Loop
The thyroid negative feedback loop is a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain stable levels of thyroid hormones in the body. It involves…
What is a Biomarker and its Types
What is a Biomarker? A biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of a biological state or condition. It is typically used in…
Laboratory Values and its Reference Ranges with Nursing Implications
Questions involving Laboratory Values and its reference ranges are included in most nursing examinations, especially the NCLEX-RN. Normal Lab…
Liver Biopsy Procedure
Introduction A liver biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is removed for laboratory examination. This…