Biochemistry for Nurses

Immunochemistry examines the chemical processes of the immune system, including antigen-antibody binding, enzyme-linked assays, and biomarker…

The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative glucose metabolism route that generates NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and ribose-5-phosphate…

Lipogenesis is the biochemical pathway that synthesizes fatty acids and triglycerides from acetyl-CoA derived from glucose. Occurring mainly…

Ketogenesis is the biochemical process in the liver that produces ketone bodies—acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone—from fatty acids.…

Glycogenolysis is the process of converting glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose. This pathway maintains blood sugar during…

Gluconeogenesis is the biochemical process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids, lactate, and…

The composition of vitamins and minerals includes water- and fat-soluble vitamins plus essential macro- and trace minerals. Together, they…

The composition of carbohydrates includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Their metabolism involves digestion into…

Digestion and absorption of fats begin in the small intestine with bile salts emulsifying lipids and pancreatic lipase breaking triglycerides…

Digestion and absorption involve enzymatic breakdown and intestinal uptake of nutrients. Malabsorption syndromes result from conditions like…

The composition of proteins includes chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their metabolism involves digestion into amino acids,…

The Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, occurs in mitochondria and oxidizes acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. This process supports…

Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin and continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes. Amino acids are absorbed…

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate while producing ATP and NADH. This process occurs in…

Glycogenesis is the biochemical process of forming glycogen from glucose. It occurs mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles, helping regulate…

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates begin in the mouth with salivary amylase, continue in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes,…

Metabolism of lipids includes digestion by bile salts and lipases, absorption of fatty acids, and pathways such as β-oxidation, lipogenesis,…

Explore biochemistry for nurses: learn how molecular interactions, enzymes, and metabolic pathways impact health, disease, and treatment.…