Assessment/Testing of Immunological Status
Assessment of immunological status involves evaluating the function and integrity of the immune system through clinical history, physical…
Preload and Afterload: Cardiac Output Overview
What is Cardiac Output? Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle, into the aorta of your heart, then out to…
Nutritional Assessment
A nutritional assessment is the systematic process of collecting and interpreting data to determine an individual’s nutritional status,…
Geriatric Assessment
Introduction Geriatric assessment provides a structured way of identifying health issues and conditions that are potentially preventable to…
Gonorrhoea Test
Introduction Gonorrhoea is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected…
First Aid for Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar occurs when a person’s glucose or blood sugar goes below the typical range. If a person has diabetes,…
Lithotripsy
Introduction Lithotripsy uses high-energy shock waves, which are generated by a machine called a lithotripter. The specifications for…
First Aid for Hernias
When it comes to hernias, first aid focuses on easing discomfort and preventing further strain until definitive medical care—often surgical…
First Aid for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when CO gas impairs oxygen delivery, leading to headache, confusion, and unconsciousness. Nurses play a vital…
Semen Analysis
Semen analysis measures sperm count, motility, morphology, and semen quality to assess male fertility. It helps identify reproductive issues,…
First Aid for Altitude Sickness
Altitude sickness, or acute mountain sickness, results from low oxygen at high altitudes. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and nausea.…
First Aid for Rabies Exposure
Recognizing Rabies Exposure Rabies is a serious viral disease almost always fatal once symptoms appear. However, prompt action after exposure…
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): Understanding & Interpretation
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Overview The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness in…
First Aid for Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord and can progress very rapidly. Because it is a…
First Aid for Radiation Exposure
Radiation exposure can occur in a variety of settings—ranging from medical or industrial mishaps to nuclear or radiological emergencies. When…
First Aid for Heat Cramps
Heat cramps are surprisingly common, affecting up to half of athletes exercising in hot weather. They might feel like a minor annoyance at…
First Aid for Chest Injury
A chest injury is an injury that occurs in the chest wall or the bones,skin, fats, and muscles surrounding your lungs, including the ribs…
First Aid for Aortic dissection
An aortic dissection occurs when a tear in the inner layer of the aorta allows blood to split its wall layers, creating a false channel and…
First Aid for Childminders
Childminders care for infants and young children—often working solo—so you’re the first line of defense in an emergency. Apart from…
Refraction Test
Introduction Refraction test is one of the most common procedures performed by an eye surgeon to check vision. Definition Refraction test is a…
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Definition PPE is clothing or equipment designed to reduce the user’s exposure to physical, chemical, and biological hazards at a…
Verbal Report
Verbal report is vital to ensure and maintain continuity of patient care and hence has to comply with legal and professional requirement.…
Neurorehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation is a person-centered program designed to help individuals recover from injuries or diseases of the nervous system brain,…
Suprapubic Bladder Drainage
Introduction When there is any obstruction in the urethra or bladder outlet due to injuries, strictures, prostatic obstruction, or tumor,…
First Aid for Pain
Pain is a protective sensation triggered by activated pain receptors, alerting us to injury or illness. Individual “pain thresholds” vary, so…
First Aid for Blood clots
Blood clots can be life-threatening depending on their location and severity, so first aid focuses on recognizing symptoms early and seeking…
Neurological Assessment
Neurological assessment involves evaluating consciousness, cranial nerves, motor strength, reflexes, and sensation. Nurses use tools like the…
Immediate Postoperative Care in Adults
Immediate postoperative care involves monitoring airway, consciousness, vital signs, pain, and surgical site. Nurses assess for complications,…
Hot Applications: Hot Compress
Hot applications also known as thermotherapy involve applying heat to the body to relieve discomfort, promote healing, and improve…
First Aid for Acid Attack
An acid attack is a medical emergency involving corrosive chemicals that cause rapid tissue damage, intense pain, and potential disfigurement.…
Interpersonal Relationship (IPR) with Patient and Families
Introduction An interpersonal relationship is a social association, connection, or affiliation between two or more people that varies in…
Nasogastric Aspiration in Adults
Introduction Nasogastric (NG) aspiration involves the insertion of a wide-bore NG tube into the stomach to remove gastric contents. It is…
Care of a Patient with Contact Lens
Introduction Contact lens helps in correction of the refractive errors of the eye. Definition A contact lens is a thin, small, round,…