Cholesterol Emboli: A Detailed Explanation
Introduction Cholesterol emboli, also known as cholesterol crystal embolism or atheroembolism, is a serious and often under-recognised…
Pathology of Urine Analysis
Pathology of urine analysis examines physical, chemical, and microscopic abnormalities in urine to detect kidney disease, urinary tract…
Campylobacter Infection
A Campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis) is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. It’s a bacterial infection you can get from…
Chronic Hives (Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria)
Chronic hives, or chronic idiopathic urticaria, involve recurring itchy welts lasting more than six weeks with no identifiable trigger.…
Pathology of Blood Cell Counts
Blood cell counts are vital diagnostic tests that evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They help detect anemia,…
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Radioactive iodine therapy, often referred to as RAI or I-131 therapy, is a specialized medical treatment employed to address various thyroid…
Cardiac Amyloidosis
Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare but increasingly recognized cause of heart disease, characterized by the deposition of abnormal protein fibrils…
Ostomy: Ileostomy & Colostomy
Introduction An ostomy, whether an ileostomy or a colostomy, is a surgical procedure that creates an opening (stoma) in the abdomen to allow…
Chronic Bronchitis: A Comprehensive Guide
Chronic bronchitis is a long‑term inflammatory airway condition marked by persistent productive cough for at least three months over two…
Digestion and Absorption of Fats: A Comprehensive Guide
Digestion and absorption of fats begin in the small intestine with bile salts emulsifying lipids and pancreatic lipase breaking triglycerides…
Pathology of Bone Marrow Examination
Bone marrow examination is a vital diagnostic test that evaluates blood cell production and detects conditions such as anemia, leukemia, and…
Carpenter Syndrome
Carpenter Syndrome, also known as acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II, is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple systems in the body,…
Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening through the neck into the trachea (windpipe). This opening, called a stoma,…
HRCT (High-Resolution Computed Tomography)
High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) is an advanced imaging technique primarily used to obtain detailed images of the lungs. It…
Digestion and Absorption, and Malabsorption Syndrome: Factors Influencing
Digestion and absorption involve enzymatic breakdown and intestinal uptake of nutrients. Malabsorption syndromes result from conditions like…
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is a vital diagnostic test used to detect infections, bleeding, autoimmune diseases, and neurological…
Acute Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review
Acute heart failure (AHF) represents a critical and rapidly evolving medical condition that requires urgent diagnosis and intervention. Unlike…
Whipple Procedure
Introduction The Whipple procedure, medically known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, is a complex and highly specialized surgical operation. It…
Research in clinical nursing Practices
What is Research in Clinical Nursing Practice? Research in clinical nursing practice is the systematic investigation and study of…
Carcinoid Syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a fascinating yet complex medical condition that emerges as a constellation of symptoms due to the release of certain…
Pathology of Stool Examination: A Comprehensive Guide
Stool Examination: A Stool Examination: A Stool examination is a laboratory test used to diagnose gastrointestinal conditions. It helps…
Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory is a foundational nursing theory that emphasizes the role of the environment in promoting patient…
Composition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids: A Comprehensive Guide
The composition of proteins includes chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their metabolism involves digestion into amino acids,…
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD): A Comprehensive Overview
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immune disorder where phagocytes cannot kill certain bacteria and fungi, leading to…
Credé Maneuver: How to perform
Introduction The Credé Maneuver, named after the German obstetrician Carl Siegmund Franz Credé, is a technique used in obstetrics to assist in…
Implanted Port: Overview of its Use and Benefits
An implanted port, also known as a port-a-cath, is a small medical device surgically placed under the skin, typically in the chest or arm. It…
Pathology of Semen Analysis
Semen analysis is a key diagnostic test in male fertility evaluation. It examines sperm count, motility, morphology, and semen volume to…
Viral Hepatitis: A Comprehensive Overview
Viral hepatitis refers to liver infections caused by hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E. These vary in transmission—fecal-oral, bloodborne,…
Krebs Cycle: A Comprehensive Guide
The Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, occurs in mitochondria and oxidizes acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. This process supports…
Ileostomy Surgery
Ileostomy surgery is a significant medical procedure that involves creating an opening in the abdominal wall to allow the small intestine…
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment disorders are a group of conditions that can occur when someone has difficulty coping with a significant life change, such as a job…
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS), also known as Todd’s syndrome, is a rare and intriguing neurological…
Immunity: A Comprehensive Guide
Explore immunity: the biological process by which the body defends itself against harmful microbes and toxins. Through innate and adaptive…