Genetic Services
Genetic services include testing, counseling, and risk assessment to identify inherited conditions, guide early diagnosis, and support…
Body Fluids, Gastric Analysis and Sputum Examination
Body fluid tests, gastric analysis, and sputum examination are essential diagnostic procedures used to detect infections, digestive…
Pathology of Blood Chemistry and Other Lab tests
Pathology of blood chemistry and other lab tests focuses on analyzing biochemical markers to diagnose metabolic, renal, hepatic, and endocrine…
Pathology of Blood Group System and Transfusion Medicine
Pathology of the blood group system and transfusion medicine focuses on blood typing, antigen–antibody reactions, compatibility testing, and…
Pathology of Haematocrit, ESR Estimation and Peripheral blood smear Examination
Haematocrit, ESR estimation, and peripheral blood smear examination are essential hematology tests used to assess anemia, inflammation,…
Pathology of Urine Analysis
Pathology of urine analysis examines physical, chemical, and microscopic abnormalities in urine to detect kidney disease, urinary tract…
Pathology of Blood Cell Counts
Blood cell counts are vital diagnostic tests that evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They help detect anemia,…
Pathology of Bone Marrow Examination
Bone marrow examination is a vital diagnostic test that evaluates blood cell production and detects conditions such as anemia, leukemia, and…
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is a vital diagnostic test used to detect infections, bleeding, autoimmune diseases, and neurological…
Pathology of Stool Examination: A Comprehensive Guide
Stool Examination: A Stool Examination: A Stool examination is a laboratory test used to diagnose gastrointestinal conditions. It helps…
Pathology of Semen Analysis
Semen analysis is a key diagnostic test in male fertility evaluation. It examines sperm count, motility, morphology, and semen volume to…
Pathology of Anemia and Hemoglobin Estimation: A Comprehensive Overview
Explore anemia and hemoglobin estimation: anemia occurs when hemoglobin levels drop, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues. Hemoglobin…
Cellular Response to Stress and Injury
Explore cellular responses to stress and injury: adaptation mechanisms like hypertrophy and atrophy, reversible injury, and irreversible…
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Explore the pathology and physiology of inflammation: a complex immune response triggered by infection, injury, or irritants. Learn how acute…
Pathology of Wound Healing
Explore the stages of wound healing: from clot formation and immune response to tissue regeneration and scar remodeling. Understanding…
Disturbances in the Fluid and Electrolyte Balances
Explore fluid and electrolyte disturbances: from dehydration and edema to sodium, potassium, and acid-base imbalances. These conditions impact…
Pathology of Neoplasia
Neoplasia is a central topic in modern healthcare, with profound implications for patient outcomes and nursing care. As the burden of cancer…
Genetic Testing in the Neonates and Children
Genetic testing in neonates and children identifies chromosomal and inherited conditions at an early stage. It supports timely interventions,…
Genetic Conditions of Adolescents and Adults
Genetic conditions in adolescents and adults include inherited disorders, late-onset diseases, and carrier states. Early diagnosis, genetic…
Introduction to Genetics
Introduction Genetics, the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics, is a rapidly evolving field with profound…
Pathology of Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases present unique challenges in healthcare, demanding a comprehensive understanding of both pathology and genetics. For…
Pathology of Nutritional Disorders
Introduction Nutritional disorders remain a significant global health issue, affecting individuals across all age groups and socioeconomic…
Pathology of Hemodynamic Disorders
Explore the pathology of hemodynamic disorders: fluid imbalance, endothelial injury, and circulatory failure lead to edema, hemorrhage,…